ABSTRACT
Although the health care systems in Europe are considered the global benchmark, European nations were severely affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This manuscript aimed to examine the strategies implemented to combat the COVID-19 pandemic by France, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Russia and their outcomes in terms of the number of cases, testing, and deaths. This is the first review of its kind that extensively analyzes the preparedness, mitigation, and response strategies against the COVID-19 pandemic adopted by these nations. This paper further suggests a strategic preparedness model for future pandemics. From the analysis, we found that a decentralized approach, prompt decision-making and timely execution, coordination between local health authorities, and public participation in the implementation of strategies could substantially reduce the case fatality rate. Nations with a high percentage of gross domestic product invested in the health sector, as well as more nurses, physicians, hospital beds, intensive care unit beds, and ventilators, better managed the pandemic. Instead, nations that postponed their pandemic response by delaying tracking, tracing, testing, quarantine, and lockdown were badly affected. The lessons learned from the present pandemic could be used as a guide to prepare for further pandemics.
ABSTRACT
Although the health care systems in Europe are considered the global benchmark, European nations were severely affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This manuscript aimed to examine the strategies implemented to combat the COVID-19 pandemic by France, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Russia and their outcomes in terms of the number of cases, testing, and deaths. This is the first review of its kind that extensively analyzes the preparedness, mitigation, and response strategies against the COVID-19 pandemic adopted by these nations. This paper further suggests a strategic preparedness model for future pandemics. From the analysis, we found that a decentralized approach, prompt decision-making and timely execution, coordination between local health authorities, and public participation in the implementation of strategies could substantially reduce the case fatality rate. Nations with a high percentage of gross domestic product invested in the health sector, as well as more nurses, physicians, hospital beds, intensive care unit beds, and ventilators, better managed the pandemic. Instead, nations that postponed their pandemic response by delaying tracking, tracing, testing, quarantine, and lockdown were badly affected. The lessons learned from the present pandemic could be used as a guide to prepare for further pandemics.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: la relación obesidad-resistencia insulínica-diabetes mellitus-hipertensión arterial adquiere cada día mayor importancia, por el papel cada vez más relevante de la obesidad en el desarrollo de cada una de ellas. Los obesos constituyen alrededor de 20 a 30 por ciento de la población cubana, y esta enfermedad o condición patológica cada día se torna un problema más importante. Objetivo: estudiar la relación entre el grado de obesidad y la resistencia a la insulina en sujetos obesos, así como posibles cambios en el metabolismo lipídico y de compuestos nitrogenados.Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional con individuos adultos obesos de ambos sexos entre 18 y 60 años de edad, atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología en el período comprendido entre 2006 y 2008. También fueron incluidos sujetos aparentemente sanos, normopesos, seleccionados en instituciones de salud de la atención primaria del municipio Plaza. Todos los sujetos (N=214) fueron clasificados en 4 grupos: normopesos (IMC entre 18,5 y 24,9), preobesos I (IMC entre 25 y 29,9), obeso grado II (IMC de 30 a 34,9), obeso grado III (IMC de 35 a 39,9). Además del examen clínico y mediciones antropométricas se tomó una muestra de sangre en ayunas para determinar en el suero los analitos siguientes: glucemia, insulina, colesterol total, triglicéridos, creatinina y ácido úrico. Se calculó además la resistencia a la insulina a partir de la glucemia y la cifra de insulinemia según el índice HOMA. Resultados: se observó una asociación significativa entre la circunferencia abdominal y el índice de masa corporal con el valor del índice resistencia a la insulina. Además, esta mostró una correlación significativa (p< 0,05) con la cifra de ácido úrico en plasma. Se observó que a medida que fue mayor el índice de masa corporal también se observaron incrementos importantes en los valores medios en plasma de glucosa, insulina, triglicéridos, colesterol total, creatinina y ácido úrico. Conclusión: a medida que progresa la obesidad tienen lugar importantes cambios metabólicos en el metabolismo glucídico, lipídico y también de algunos compuestos nitrogenados como la creatinina y el ácido úrico(AU)
Introduction: the relation obesity-insulin resistance-diabetes mellitus-high blood pressure is more and more significant due to the more relevant role of obesity in the development of each of them. The obese persons are about the 20 to 30 percent of Cuban population and this disease or pathologic condition every day is a more important health problem. Objective: an observational study was conducted in obese adult subjects of both sexes aged between 18 and 60, seen in the National Institute of Endocrinology from 2006 to 2008. In present study also were included those subjects apparently healthy, with a normal height, selected from health institutions of primary care of Plaza municipality. All subjects (N= 214) were classified in 4 groups: body mass index (BMI) between 18,5 and 24,9), pre-obese I (BMI between 25 and 29,9), obese grade II (BMI from 30 to 34,9), obese grade III (BMI between 35 and 39,9). As well as the clinical examination and anthropometric measurements, a fasting blood sample was taught to determine the following serum analytes: glycemia, insulin, to total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and uric acid. Also, the insulin resistance was measured from glycemia and the insulinemia figure according HOMA index. Results: there was a significant association between abdominal circumference and the body mass index with the insulin resistance rate. Also, this showed a significant correlation (p< 0,05) with the uric acid figure in plasma. It was noted the as the body mass index was greater there were significant increases mean values in glucose plasma, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine and uric acid. Conclusion: according to a progression in obesity there are significant metabolic changes in glucidic and lipid metabolism and also in some nitrogenous compounds like the creatinine and uric acid(AU)